年代分期
大蕭條、二次世界大戰與冷戰 The Great Depression and the World War II (1919–1940)
「我們必須成為民主國家的兵工廠。」
— 法蘭克林羅斯福,國情咨文,一九四一年
“We must be the great arsenal of democracy.”
— President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941
對美國來說,二十世紀是一個充滿混亂與變動的時代。幾十年中,這個國家遭遇了史上最嚴重的經濟蕭條、而又在二次世界大戰與盟國重新脫穎而出,再次獲勝,並於世紀末戰爭冷戰中奠定了全球性的領導地位。歷經社會、經濟、政治種種轉型,儘管美國隨著時代前進逐漸調整腳步,幾十年之間,它也幾乎是重新塑造了自我。
For the United States, the 20th century was a period of extraordinary turmoil and change. In these decades, the nation endured the worst economic depression in its history; emerged triumphant, with the Allies, in World War II; assumed a role of global leadership in the century’s twilight conflict known as the Cold War; and underwent a remarkable social, economic, and political transition at home. Where once the United States transformed itself over the slow march of centuries, it now seemed to reinvent itself almost by decades.
[相關展品]
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13a. 紐約布魯克林大橋(BROOKLYN BRIDGE, NY)
印製於1970年左右,銀鹽相紙,17.2 x 12.2公分。© 大都會博物館。
Printed ca. 1970, Gelatin silver print: 17.2 x 12.2 cm. (6 3/4 x 4 13/16 in.). © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
布魯克林橋乃美國文明鬼斧神工之作。此攝影更使其成為美國象徵。
The bridge was hailed as a marvel of American engineering ingenuity.
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13b. 秋景(AUTUMN LANDSCAPE)
法夫里爾鉛玻璃窗戶, 335.3 x 259.1公分。© 大都會博物館。
Leaded Favrile-glass window: 11 ft. x 8 ft. 6 in. (335.3 x 259.1 cm). © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
第凡內家族哥德復興式豪宅彩繪玻璃,現已單獨成為一件藝術品。
A window created for the Gothic revival mansion resembles an elaborately framed easel painting.
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14b. 布魯克林大橋(BROOKLYN BRIDGE)
by JOSEPH STELLA, 1919
油彩‧畫布,213.36 x 193.04公分。耶魯大學藝廊,紐哈芬,康乃狄格州。收藏有限公司致贈。
Oil on canvas, 84 x 76 in. (213.36 x 193.04 cm.). Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn. Gift of Collection Société Anonyme.
抽象派喚起人們心中橋的概念,而非一五一十地去描繪一座橋,有時反而更接近真實。
Abstract pattern evokes an idea of the bridge rather than faithfully describes it. Stella’s interpretation seemed “more real, more true than a literal transcription of the bridge could be.”
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15b. 克萊斯勒大樓(THE CHRYSLER BUILDING)
紐約市42街與萊辛頓大道。鋼骨、磚、混凝土、磚石結構、金屬包層,高:318.82公尺。
42nd Street and Lexington Avenue, New York. Steel frame, brick, concrete, masonry, and metal cladding, height 1046 ft. (318.82 m).
二○年代曼哈頓摩天大樓熱催生的克萊斯勒大廈,飾有輪蓋形狀與美國禿鷹滴水嘴,大廳則以埃及圖騰與蓮花為主題,具有最摩登的外觀與最古典的裝潢。
The competitive climate of 1920’s Manhattan drove the creation of this building. It was decorated by hubcaps and American eagle heads in place of traditional gargoyles. The lobby adorned with the lotus motif was designed at the height of the Egyptian mania.
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16b. 落水山莊(FALLINGWATER)
屋主:考夫曼,位於米爾朗,賓州,西元1935年~1939年。照片由西賓州保護協會提供。
Kaufmann House, Mill Run, Pa., 1935– 1939. Photograph courtesy of the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy.
築於瀑布之上的房屋,最具原創性的美國建築,追求天人合一的境界。內凹的房間、粗糙的岩壁、低矮的天花板創造出一種洞穴之感,彷彿遠離塵囂的避難所。
The dwelling is suspended above a waterfall and nestled into a mountainside, blending modern conveniences with views that make it a part of nature itself. Recessed rooms, fieldstone interiors, and unusually low ceillings create the impression of a cave - or a shelter.
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18b. 移民母親與子女(MIGRANT MOTHER)
照片中的母親為加州貧困的撿豆工,育有七名子女,攝於西元1936年2月,黑白照片。農業安全管理局,戰爭報導辦公室照片收藏。國會圖書館印刷與照片部門,華盛頓特區。
Destitute pea pickers in California, a 32 year old mother of seven children, February 1936. Black-and-white photograph. Farm Security Administration, Office of War Information Photograph Collection. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
流浪的母親,三角構圖,反映美國三○年代大蕭條的經典之作。
Featured in newspapers nationwide, this iconic photo shocked Americans in the Great Depression.
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19a. 言論自由,1943年週六晚報插畫(FREEDOM OF SPEECH)
刊載於1943年2月20日。油彩‧畫布,116.205 x 90.170公分。諾曼洛克威爾藝術收藏信託,諾曼洛克威爾博物館,史塔克布里吉,麻州。
The Saturday Evening Post, February 20, 1943. Oil on canvas, 45 3/4 x 35 1/2 in. (116.205 x 90.170 cm.). The Norman Rockwell Art Collection Trust, from the permanent collection of the Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge, Mass.
小羅斯福總統的「四大自由」在諾曼洛克威爾畫筆下更具號召力。
Roosevelt’s four essential human freedoms failed to gain traction until Rockwell put them into portraits.