藝術家介紹
John Singleton Copley (1738-1815)
出生於波士頓，Copley可說是位素人畫家，他對於形象的掌握具有極高的天份，這讓他成為美國殖民時期一流的畫家。在兩百年後的今天，Copley的人物畫仍然是相當重要的藝術作品，因為他的作品不僅扮演紀錄的角色，更捕捉了被描繪對象的人格特質、職業特性以及社會地位。
Born in Boston and largely self-taught, Copley had an extraordinary talent for recording the physical characteristics of his subjects. This skill made him the foremost colonial artist in America. Now, more than 200 years later, Copley’s portraits endure as significant works of art because of their reach beyond documentation to depict his subjects’ personality, profession, and social position.
Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)
Stuart雖然在國外學習歐洲的繪畫傳統，之後卻發展出獨樹一格的風格特色。他相信一個人的內在特質表現於其外在特徵，尤其以擅長掌握描繪對象放鬆的狀態為人所知。Stuart畫筆下的George Washington滿腔熱血，這幅人物畫是他最著名的作品。
Stuart learned art abroad in the European tradition, but his style was all his own. Known for his ability to set subjects at ease, he believed inner character was reflected in a person’s physical features. Stuart’s portraits of George Washington, whom he described as a man of great passions, are among his most famous works.
Emanuel Leutze (1816-1868)
出生於德國的Leutze，雖然在獨立戰爭十多年後才移民到美國，但是當時強調民主的觀念對於其創作仍相當具啟發性。由於他對歷史事件的詮釋都有深入的研究根據，使他獲得了不少私人及公家的贊助，例如，今天的美國國會大廈裡還展示著他的作品呢。
Although this German-born painter immigrated to the United States decades after the Revolutionary War, the democratic ideals of that time inspired his art. His carefully researched interpretations of historical events won him lucrative private and government commissions, including work displayed in the U.S. Capital today.
Hiram Powers (1805-1873)
Powers是一位近乎自學但成功的新古典主義風格的雕塑家，後來移民到義大利進一步發展其事業。他帶有歐洲古典樣式風格的作品，現在可以在參議院及眾議院裡看到。
A highly successful, largely self-taught Neoclassical sculptor, Powers emigrated to Italy to further boost his career in the United States. His government commissions, influenced by the classical Roman sculptures of Europe, can be found standing in the U.S. Senate and House collections today.
Thomas Cole (1801-1848)
Cole在青少年時從英格蘭移民到美國，之後在紐約創辦了國家設計學院(National Academy of Design)。Cole擅長描繪美國鄉間壯麗的美景，是一位田園畫大師。
As a teenager, Cole immigrated to America from England, and went on to found the National Academy of Design in New York City. A master of pastoral landscapes, Cole set out to capture the beauty and majesty of rural America in his paintings.
N.C. Wyeth (1882-1945)
Wyeth是寫實派畫家同時也是一位成功的插畫家。他兩次前往阿第倫達克(Adirondacks)體驗野外生活，他踏過山林，並以營火煮食，這樣的旅程啟發了他暢銷書封面的創作。
Wyeth was both a realist painter and a highly successful illustrator. Two trips to the Adirondacks—where he tramped through the woods and cooked over an open fire to get a feel for the wilderness—inspired his cover illustration for the popular book.
John James Audubon (1785-1851)
出生在西印度群島，Audubon十八歲時移居美國，成為優秀的野生動物畫家。身為一位生態藝術家，他以水彩生動地描繪動物，彷彿將牠們生活在棲息地的樣子重現在觀者眼前，如『美國鳥類』(Birds of America) 就是著名的例子。
Born in the West Indies, Audubon moved to America at 18 and became the country’s dominant wildlife artist. A naturalist painter, he showed his subjects—including the monumental Birds of America—in vivid watercolors, much as they would appear alive in their natural habitat.
George Catlin (1796-1872)
來自費城的Catlin是一位成功的素人畫家，他深為北美印地安文化所吸引。他曾沿著密蘇里河(the Missouri River)展開一趟長2,000哩的旅程(在現在的北達科他州)，因而創作出一系列以美國邊遠地區為主題的畫作，可說是當今有關美國原著民文化最完整的視覺紀錄。
The self-trained Catlin was a successful portrait in Philadelphia. Intrigued by the North American Indian, he set out on a 2,000-mile journey along the Missouri River (in what is now North Dakota) to create the most thorough visual record of the indigenous cultures of the frontier.
George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879)
因在密蘇里州居住工作，而以『密蘇里畫家』(Missouri artist)為人所熟知的Bingham，他的畫風強調鉅細靡遺的細節。其寫實風格成為早期邊遠地區生活最真實的寫照。
Known as the “Missouri artist” for the state where he lived and worked, Bingham painted everyday scenes in striking detail. His realistic style would offer an accurate account of frontier life for generations to come.
Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902)
德裔美國籍的Bierstadt，以其濃密壯闊的美國西部風景畫最為著名。為能更深入地觀察美國西部的景觀，他還參加了好幾次向西拓荒的冒險活動呢。
Bierstadt was a German-American painter best known for his lush, sweeping landscapes of the American West. In obtaining the subject matter for these works, Bierstadt jointed several journeys of the Westwood Expansion.
Winslow Homer (1836-1910)
Homer是優秀的水彩畫家，同時也被認為擅長描述戶外生活的詩人。名義上作為風景畫家的Homer，雖然承襲著哈德遜河畫派(Hudson River school)的繪畫傳統，但他的作品其實深刻地表現出人與大自然的關係。
Homer is considered to be the greatest pictorial poet of outdoor life in the USA and its greatest watercolourist. Nominally a landscape painter, in a sense carrying on Hudson River school attitudes, Homer was an artist of power and individuality whose images are metaphors for the relationship of Man and Nature.
Alexander Gardner (1821-1882)
Gardner是一位自學的攝影師，他的林肯肖像照是十九世紀最著名的攝影作品之一，還有他一系列林肯暗殺事件共謀者的肖像畫及其被處刑的照片，都成為報導攝影的傑作。Gardner的攝影不但直接、饒富意涵，並帶有冷靜理智的氣質。
Gardner is believed to have been a self-taught photographer. His portraits of Lincoln are among the most famous in 19th-century photography, and his series of portraits of the Lincoln assassination conspirators and the views of their subsequent execution are among the masterpieces of photographic reportage. His photographs were direct, informative and unsentimental.
Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848-1907)
出生於都柏林，在歐洲接受藝術教育的Saint-Gaudens，創作過許多著名的有關南北戰爭的紀念碑、硬幣上的圖像，以及社會名流的塑像等等。其中，Saint-Gaudens歷時14年完成複雜的蕭紀念碑(Shaw Memorial)，在準備這件作品的過程中，甚至製作了40個不同的頭像，以真實地表現每一位軍官的形象。
Born in Dublin and trained in Europe, Saint-Gaudens created many noted Civil War monuments, as well as American coins and intimate portraits of notable and society figures. The sculptor made the complex Shaw Memorial into a 14-year labor of love, striving to realistically depict each soldier as an individual and making up to 40 different portrait studies in preparation.
Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)
出生在賓州，Eakins在巴黎受過藝術訓練之後回到美國，並堅持真實地表現當時的美國生活，這點在那個時代是很特殊的，所以有時他被視為一位具爭議性的人物。他精確的觀察和對解剖學、自然、新科技的研究，使他從十九世紀末快速發展的美國社會裡找到豐富的創作題材。
Born in Philadelphia, Eakins returned from art training in Paris with a conviction unique in his time: to realistically depict scenes from American life. His decision never varied, though it was occasionally as controversial as it was admired. Acute observation and a tireless study of anatomy, nature, and even burgeoning technology informed his work, and he found ample subject matter in the rapidly progressing America of the late 19th century.
James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903)
作為一位熱愛旅行者，Whistler二十一歲時從美國前往倫敦，他四處遊歷的經驗醞釀出其對亞洲藝術的喜好，尤其是中國瓷器和日本版畫等等。僅管如此，他最有名的作品還是油畫「Whistler’s Mother」，這幅畫突出的色彩及空間感成為經典的美國肖像畫。
A tireless traveler, Whistler left America for London at 21 and rarely looked back. His roving exploration of aesthetic styles led to a passionate dedication to Asian art, particularly Chinese porcelain and screens and Japanese woodblock prints. Yet his, often dubbed “Whistler’s Mother,” became an iconic American image for its stark coloring and spare interior.
John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)
十九世紀末與二十世紀初之際，有一群畫家、作家和作曲家帶著美國生氣蓬勃的精神投身歐洲，Sargent即是其中一位。被標上社會型畫家(society painter)形象的Sargent，用畫作記錄了鍍金年代在歐洲的美國人的財富快速累積的盛景。
Sargent was among a noted group of American expatriate artists, writers, and composers who around the turn of the century felt they could find strong training and a sympathetic audience only in Europe. However, they brought the freshness and spirit of American exploration with them. As a “society painter,” Sargent chronicled the vast infusion of wealth that also swept in with the Americans in Europe during the Gilded Age.
Childe Hassam (1859-1935)
Hassam是重要的美國印象派畫家。受到在巴黎學習經驗的影響，有別於傳統上在工作室裡創作的習慣，他傾向戶外創作，以新方式描繪色彩和光線的變化。返回美國後，充滿活力的紐約成為他重複出現的題材，以粗獷的筆觸卻明確的構圖捕捉市景。
Hassam was a major figure in the American Impressionism movement. As he studied in Paris, he gravitated away from the rule-bound darkness of traditional art studios and toward painters working outdoors, portraying a world of color and light in new ways. Returning to America, he seized on the energetic bustle of New York City as one of his recurrent subjects, capturing scenes of movement and change in loose brushwork and firm composition.
Walker Evans (1903-1975)
Evans是美國的攝影師及作家。無論面對靜物的外部或內部，他的取景都相當謹慎，例如阿拉巴馬州的黑爾郡和撕裂的廣告牌等作品，Evans都能從這些平凡的題材中，呈現出它們的生命力與美感。他喜歡用光線的明暗強調物體的造型，幾乎沒有空氣感的影像，也出現在他的阿拉巴馬州的蒙德維爾作品。
Evans is American photographer and writer. His carefully composed views, ranging from exterior and interior still-lifes, for example Burroughs Kitchen, Hale County, Alabama, to tattered billboards, are testimony to the beauty and vivid presence he found in the most common themes. Evans’s preference for light that illuminated flat, frontal, almost airless images can be seen in Moundville, Alabama.
Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933)
Tiffany是美國藝術家，而且是美國和新藝術運動關係最密切的藝術家。他尤其以鑲嵌玻璃的設計最為人所知，不過除此之外，他還從事其他的工藝創作，例如燈、玻璃馬賽克、瓷器、珠寶、琺瑯、金屬工藝等等。
Tiffany was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts and is best known for his work in stained glass. He is the American artist most associated with the Art Nouveau and Aesthetic movements. Tiffany designed stained glass windows and lamps, glass mosaics, blown glass, ceramics, jewelry, enamels and metalwork.
Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)
Cassatt是一位在法國活躍的美國藝術家，定居在巴黎的她，成為印象畫派的一員。儘管使用不同媒材來創作，其深厚的素描功力仍然明顯可見，尤其是她的粉彩作品。她特別常畫母親和小孩的主題。
Cassatt was an American painter and printmaker, active in France. Having settled in Paris, she became a member of the Impressionist circle. The quality of her draughtsmanship is evident in all the media in which she worked, notably pastel. She is particularly associated with the theme of mother and child.
Charles Sheeler (1883-1965)
Sheeler是美國的畫家，同時也是攝影師，為『精確主義』(Precisionism)的代表人物。在30年代，Sheeler持續發展寫實性的畫作，但到40年代其畫風有了巨大的轉變，他開始使用多重視角和大膽非自然的色彩，儘管如此，他仍保持一貫的平順筆觸。
Sheeler was American painter and photographer, the best-known exponent of Precisionism. Sheeler's paintings continued in this realistic vein in the 1930s, but in the mid-1940s his style changed dramatically; he began using multiple viewpoints and bold unnaturalistic colours, although his brushwork remained immaculately smooth.
William Van Alen (1883-1954)
Van Alan是美國建築師，曾在布魯克林Pratt Institute及紐約Beaux-Arts Institute學習，1908年時獲得獎學金前往巴黎Ecole des Beaux-Arts進修。他最有名的建築都在紐約，例如兒童餐廳連鎖店(Childs Restaurant chain)總部、雷諾大廈(Reynolds building)、以及克萊斯勒大廈(Chrysler building)等等。
Van Alan was American architect. He had studied at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, the Beaux-Arts Institute in New York, and in 1908 won a fellowship to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. His most notable buildings, all in New York; among these were the headquarters for the Childs Restaurant chain, as well as the Reynolds Building and, the most spectacular, the Chrysler Building.
Edward Hopper (1882-1967)
Hopper是美國的畫家、版畫家和插畫家。他在1925年時創作的『鐵道旁的房子』(House by the Railroad)，這幅表現時間推移的作品，成為美國藝術中著名的圖像，而且是紐約現代美術館(MOMA)第一幅收藏的畫作。Hopper的畫風雖然寫實但卻強烈表現其個人的詮釋。
Hopper was American painter, printmaker and illustrator. In 1925 Hopper painted House by the Railroad, which became the first painting by any artist to be acquired for MOMA, New York. This work has become a famous image in American art, evoking the passage of time. Hopper had consistently created realist paintings that expressed personal meaning.
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
Wright是國際公認最優秀的美國建築師之一。他內斂的設計風格尤為人所欣賞，特別是對於空間的定義和立面的表現手法。他的偉大才華展現在他賦予建築的內在價值。
Wright is one of the most universally acclaimed and admired of all American architects, and his name is known worldwide. His work came to be appreciated primarily for its intrinsic artistic qualities, especially those dealing with spatial definition and surface articulation. That his architecture should be so highly regarded for its inherent values is remarkable testimony to the magnitude of his genius.
Jacob Lawrence (1914-2000)
Lawrence是二十世紀美國著名的非裔藝術家。他以『動態的立體派』(dynamic cubism)形容自己的畫風，雖然他承認受到哈林(Harlem)文化的影響大於法國藝術。他在二十幾歲時即以『移民系列』(Migration Series)一舉成名，這個系列的畫作描述當時大遷徙時期非裔美人從南方移居北方的情形。
Lawrence is among the best-known twentieth century African American painters. He referred to his style as "dynamic cubism", though by his own account the primary influence was not so much French art as the shapes and colors of Harlem. Lawrence was only in his twenties when his "Migration Series" made him nationally famous. The series depicted the epic Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North.
Romare Bearden (1911-1988)
Bearden是美國的非裔畫家、拼貼藝術家和作家。其最著名的是主題與城市有關的拼貼作品，他還出版了論文、創作卡通、設計書衣、雜誌和唱片封面，被視為第一位成功進入當代藝術主流的非裔藝術家。
Bearden was African American painter, collagist and author. He is best known for his collages, which often addressed urban themes. He also published essays and cartoons, designed book jackets, magazine and album covers, and is widely regarded as the first African American artist to successfully enter the mainstream of the contemporary art world.
Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975)
Benton是美國的畫家和壁畫家。他是美國強調地方色彩畫派(Regionalist art movement)的先驅。他以雕塑般流暢圓滑的風格表現美國人民的日常生活。除了描繪中西部之外，他也創作大量以紐約為主題的畫作，還有美國南部和西部等地域。
Benton was an American painter and muralist. He was at the forefront of the Regionalist art movement. His fluid, almost sculpted paintings showed everyday scenes of life in the United States. Though his work is perhaps best associated with the Midwest, he created scores of paintings of New York, where he lived for over 20 years; Martha’s Vineyard, where he summered for much of his adult life; the American South; and the American West.
Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)
Lange 是一位具影響力的美國紀實攝影師和攝影記者，以一系列『美國聯邦農業安全管理局』(Farm Security Administration) 贊助而創作的大蕭條時代作品最為著名。Lange從人性的角度紀錄經濟蕭條帶來的悲劇，對於紀實攝影的發展影響深遠。
Lange was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). Lange's photographs humanized the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and profoundly influenced the development of documentary photography.
Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)
Rockwell是美國的畫家和插畫家，在紐約受教育，1923年時在巴黎學習到當時在歐洲最前衛的抽象畫，不過他仍然偏好十九世紀寫實的傳統。同時，他也以雜誌的插畫家為人所知。Rockwell符合美國中產階層口味的繪畫風格，常為知識份子所輕視。
Rockwell was American painter and illustrator. He studied in New York; also studied for a time in Paris in 1923 where he became acquainted with the European abstract avant-garde, yet he always remained a realist in the 19th-century tradition. He is most famous as a magazine illustrator. His often punchy and affecting pictures encapsulated the concerns and aesthetic predilections of middle-class America and he was often derided and dismissed by the highbrow.
James Karales (1930-2002)
Karales是一位寡言但讓作品本身說明一切的攝影師。他在俄亥俄大學(Ohio University)接受攝影記者的訓練。從1960到1970初這段動亂的時代，他剛好在Look雜誌工作，因此留下越戰、金恩博士、民權運動等的攝影紀錄，他也因一系列民權運動的作品而出名。
Karales was a quiet man who let his work speak for itself. He was trained as a photojournalist at Ohio University. While working for Look magazine from 1960 to the early 1970s, he covered significant events of that turbulent decade such as the Vietnam War, the work of Dr. King, and the civil rights movement. Of all his photographs, it was those of this last group for which he became known.
Richard Diebenkorn (1922-1993)
Diebenkorn是美國畫家和版畫家，他最廣為人知的是大型抽象畫『海洋公園』(Ocean Park)系列。無論抽象畫及具象畫，Diebenkorn的特色在於呈現平面和深度之間以及在光線和空間的建構和解構之間巧妙的平衡。
Diebenkorn was American painter and printmaker. He was most widely recognized for his large-scale, luminous abstractions known as the Ocean Park paintings. His abstract and figurative work alike is devoted to the delicate balance between surface modulation and illusionistic depth, between the establishment of structure and its dissolution in light and space.
Martin Puryear (1941-)
Puryear是非裔美國雕塑家，他運用木、瀝青、線及各種常見的媒材，模仿傳統工藝和建築的結構，同時他是一位形式主義的雕塑家。雖然Puryear的作品常被歸為極簡主義(Minimalism)，他本身倒排斥極簡主義的完全客體化及不具現實指示性。他曾說：「(對於極簡主義)我欣賞它，嘗試它，再捨棄它。」
Puryear is an African American sculptor. He uses common materials such as wood, tar, wire and various metals to create forms that reference traditional crafts and building methods and, at the same time, formalist sculpture. Puryear’s work is often associated with Minimalism, although the artist himself rejects the minimalist ideal of complete objectivity and non-referentiality. Of minimalism he once said, “I looked at it, I tasted it, and I spat it out.”
